rough

rough [ruf]

adj.

[ME ruh, rugh < OE ruh, akin to Ger rauh < IE * reuk < base * reu-, to tear, tear out (> RUG, ROTTEN): prob. basic sense “hairy, woolly”]

1.

a) not smooth or level; having bumps, projections, etc.; uneven [a rough surface]

b) not easily traveled over or through because rocky, overgrown, wild, etc. [rough country]

2. shaggy or bristly [an animal with a rough coat]

3. characterized by violent action, motion, agitation, disturbance, or irregularity; specif.,

a) stormy; tempestuous [rough weather]

b) boisterous or disorderly [rough play]

4. harsh, rude, brutal, etc.; not gentle or mild [a rough temper]

5. sounding harsh; discordant; jarring

6. tasting harsh or astringent [rough wine]

7. coarse, as texture, cloth, food, etc.

8. coarse in manner, tastes, etc.; lacking refinement or culture [rough men, rough language]

9. lacking refinements, comforts, and conveniences [the rough life of a pioneer]

10. not refined, polished, or prepared; natural, crude, etc. [a rough diamond]

11. not finished, elaborated, perfected, etc. [a rough sketch]

12. not worked out in detail; without claim to be exact or complete; approximate [a rough estimate]

13. requiring muscular energy rather than skill or intelligence [rough labor]

14. Informal difficult, severe, or disagreeable [a rough time]

15. Phonet. articulated with an aspirate; having the sound (h)

n.

1. rough ground

2. rough material or condition

3. the rough part, aspect, etc. of something

☆ 4. a rough sketch or draft

5. Chiefly Brit. a rough person; rowdy; tough

6. Golf any part of the course where grass, weeds, etc. are allowed to grow, uncut, forming a hazard or obstacle

adv.

1. in a rough manner; roughly

2. Brit. without shelter; outdoors [to sleep rough]

vt.

1. to make rough; roughen: often with up

2.

a) to handle or treat roughly or brutally: usually with up

b) Football etc. to subject (an opponent) to intentional and unnecessary roughness

3. to make, fashion, sketch, shape, or cut roughly: usually with in or out [to rough out a scheme]

4. to apply some preparatory or preliminary process or treatment to

vi.

1. Rare to become rough

2. to behave roughly [a penalty for roughing]

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in the rough

in a rough or crude state

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rough it

to live without customary comforts and conveniences, as in camping

roughish

adj.

roughly

adv.

roughness

n.